It deals with surgical management of diseases of the organ systems of the abdomen, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, and rectum. Surgery is required whenever the disease phenomenon requires it, such as appendicitis, gall bladder disease, intestinal obstruction, pain in abdomen due to inflammation, bleeding, trauma or tumors, injuries to liver, spleen or other vital organs in abdomen, hernia, stomach ulcers, etc. Surgery can be done by conventional open surgery or laparoscopic technique.